Air in space radars and Raytheon from nineteen sixty two until two thousand. And fourteen prior to that. You work at Columbia University Nicolette, enroll Air Force lab.
He was the recipient of the I Tripoli, two thousand and six steps to card metal for radar. The two thousand and three Warren white award and nineteen sixty six Journal. The Franklin Institute premium paper work.
The ninety, ninety eight best applications paper Wheeler prize, which a personal favorite, because I worked on that paper with him, and the two thousand and seventeen.
I Tripoli outstanding organizational leadership award as well as the RCA Armstrong medal. He's a fellow of the, and he's written four popular books on radar surveys and tracking.
He's given us course over ten thousand people in over twenty five countries around the world and over two hundred and thirty papers and talks. So, now, now I'd like to turn it over to my colleague, my mentor and my friend Dr library.
Oh, thank you, Ellen for terrific introduction.
A monitor to have you introduce me and I do find the remember.
Yeah, two daughters sitting in the front row while I gave my talk and my, I put up Snoopy, they got very excited.
I was only sorry, I didn't have it with me so I can show before. And after, because you have a nice picture of them now is growing with grown women.
Thanks again, let me welcome everybody who came.
Talk is contributions a radar to winning World War two.
This talk was requested,
but the Lexington historical society,
it's in celebration of the seventy fifth anniversary of the end of the war,
and they asked me to give the talk back in June of twenty five.
So I'm happy to give it again.
Here's my contact information if you want any papers of mine, just chat.
This is what I look like. So you can see what I look like.
No, this view graph is a very important one.
On the left is you before my talk all haggered in one and sad.
And the right is hopefully hopefully how you look after the talk.
That with knowledge and a little humor, I give talks such as this and offer countries. Russia.
France, Italy, Germany, China.
China again become the country. Yeah, I'm getting talks around the world.
Now, we scientists are very proud of our accomplishment.
With coming up with the radar invention, but it turns out the bats been using radars from millions of years.
These acoustic radar.
But in the dark cave would give a shriek.
The sound wave would go out to an insect, be reflected back and the back could tell how far away the insect was by the time it takes for the sound to go up and back.
And it knows direction by the fact that has two years.
The sound that we hear is from twenty cycles for a second to twenty thousand cycles for a second.
As a sine wave acoustic sideway that goes through the atmosphere.
The twenty is the base and the twenty thousand is the soprano. I.
Sound waves are like, ocean waves, which are windle.
His later mouse catching away is me catching away.
Now, white is also.
Goes by waves instead of acoustic waves is electromagnetic waves electricity ways.
And at a much higher frequency, blue light, for example.
Is six hundred million million cycles for a second that's equivalent to six hundred tree and.
Cycled for a second red light.
Is four hundred and sixty million million cycles for a second.
Now, radar is also light.
Except that's invisible to us.
One example is it's white that goes one billion cycles for a second.
Over types of and visible light besides radar.
Is X, Ray ultraviolet.
Infrared and gravity waves.
Here I have a flashlight, we have the bulb that generates the light.
And we have a reflector that focuses the light to a column which I'll call a pencil.
Radar works exactly the same way.
We have a one that radiates the invisible light.
And we have a big reflector which column it's the light into a pencil beam.
To generate lights that we see,
we have electric bulbs,
the hundred white ball here and here I show a microwave,
a radar like Bob,
it's ten feet tall.
You put in a hundred watts at the bottom here and out of the top, you get a million nuance.
Now, lincon, lab of MIT.
As such a radar, which forms a column in a being.
To identify strange objects and space.
strange satellites. we have the satellite on the left here
On the right we have the image that the radar and make of that satellite so excellent image it as one inch resolution.
This radar can see satellites in low orbit at ranges of around one thousand miles or so.
They're still upgrading the radar it used to get image used to be the one in the center, which is very crude.
The upgrading the radar, so can see out to satellite to synchronous South altitude with the same resolution of one inch.
That would be twenty resolution at twenty five thousand miles. Amazing.
Radars can see spiders little one.
Mos monkeys.
Monkey stole not the same monkey. Some of the advantage of radar it can see at night seeing fog.
See, in rain see through clouds.
See, buried targets see inside buildings.
No, I show that Lincoln library yard, which generates a pencil beam, use a pencil being for target identification and for tracking of targets. But the search for a target.
one tends to want to use a fat bean so you can search in the faster rate
And they typically for radar,
we spoil the human elevation and leave it very narrow and as with and to get three hundred and sixty degrees,
we rotate the antenna around three,
sixty,
we call this beam a fan because it looks like a fan.
Here I have an old radar one horsepower than beam radar.
In my travels, I came across a modern family rater in South career at this Korean house they have an upgrade of this radar.
That's two findings. So, that was one rotation. You get two updates of the target, and then they have the top of the line fan radar. It has so many fan beans.
That doesn't have to rotate.
the radar was a very low frequency. and as a result is had a very big antennas. there are mounted on towers along the coast. which are three hundred feet tall
The radar was a force in for a force an answer,
it allows the British to destroy more aircraft in attacks of the Germans,
then the Germans were able to destroy the burnished,
even though they were out numbers by the British the man behind this radar was.
So, Watson, what I picture here.
No, the US also had raters at the beginning of World War two they had hundred ones depicted here.
One of these was used at Pearl Harbor and saw the oncoming attack by the Japanese.
This reader is that much higher frequency than chain home. So, it's in tender is much smaller and can be put on a smaller platform.
Ten times the high higher frequency, which meant that the antenna could be ten times smaller for the radar.
Now sub subdivision in nineteen thirty had a complete radar working.
They showed it to the Navy, the Navy says, thank you and told them not to tell any you weren't about it.
To make it a secret no, no problem with these early radars. I talked about.
Is they could operated higher frequencies because they didn't have tubes that provided a high power at a high frequencies. They use a glass tubes.
You'd want to have a higher frequency of operation to enable the intent of these small enough. So, you can put the reader on aircraft and boats and small ships.
Oh, both in small boats.
Along came the British invention of the cavity magnets wrong.
This allowed want to have high power at high frequency, high microwave frequency.
So you put the radar on aircraft and votes the problem with this to a magnet Tron.
Is that to make it you started with solid, hunker copper.
And middle doubt with high precision, the cavities and slots here and this was very time consuming and expensive.
The British needed large number of these to build their radars.
They saw help from the US. They had a committee called a tizzy. Does our committee come to the US in nineteen forty.
Helping the manufacturer of this tube they met with random error. Bush Bush.
Who was in charge of science development in the us he was also advisor to President Roosevelt, the science advisor.
He told them and they should visit.
These big re, radar companies in the us like Sylvania westing house and G.
They did that, and they didn't get a solution for a technique for manufacturing these tubes that high rate.
So, Adam, I Bush told him to go see a small company in Boston that wasn't well known.
Raytheon,
so you met with the people there Percy Spencer,
on the left here was in charge of engineering and on the right is the CEO Laurence marshal.
It was a Friday and Percy said to them, I'd like to take the MAGNUM home on the weekend so I can study it. They said no way. This is a top secret.
He said, well, I, I can't help you so fortunately they gave in and allow them to take it home on the weekend.
He came back and show them improvements on the magnet and eventually a technique.
That would possibly increase the rate, which we can manufacture the magnet.
The technique was the following, instead of starting with a solid hunker copper.
Sheets or copper, and stamp out the slots and cavities.
And then bond the sheets together, the form trying to.
The government didn't believe it would work. The big companies told the government don't believe that small company. They don't know what they're doing it. They'll never work. Were you able to get it up there?
But I don't know if it's because maybe the WebEx,
but Marshall,
the CEO of the company had facing Percy,
and put up the company money to develop the technique.
And it worked.
They were able to go from a production of the main drawn rate of two point four per day.
To two thousand, six hundred per day, a factor of over a thousand increase in the speed of the manufacture of the magnet.
As a result of this Raytheon supplied eighty five percent of the US World War two needs for magnet runs.
Now,
Spencer also invented the microwave oven,
which practically everybody has,
which uses a magnet drawn at the same frequency is the one the British brought over for cooking Raytheon own the company called monitor,
which may kitchen utilities and they began to sell this microwave oven.
I bought one of the early ones back in the late nineteen sixties.
That microwave oven finally broke down last year after over fifty years of operation.
That's reliability the seller who came up with the way of manufacturing megatrons that increase this production rate by a factor of a thousand,
and also invented the microwave oven and it turns out.
Had very little training education. The only attended elementary school for a few years. You never went to high school. Never went to college.
Self taught scientist, it's truly amazing.
And I'll talk about some other things he did to later.
You finally did get the honorary PhDs.
Raytheon also during World War, two build microwave ovens, but microwave radars.
Four ships call the G on the left is Fritz gross. Who is the program manager and on the right is doctor Bill hall who is the technical director of the program?
I knew him very well. He graduated from MIT where he got bachelor's.
It looks like we took a lot of what happened looks like we just lost your share. You wanna try sharing again.
Or is that what you think it is? Oh, okay, because I just got a gallery view of everyone. Sorry folks I'm gonna mute everybody again and I'll put on the shear. Right hey, Eli will put on a share and I'll try to.
That's the oh, now you're sharing is starting and a couple of people had noted earlier that in the back where we're back. Okay. Okay. Yup. Yeah.
And if you, if you want to, I know earlier, people that trouble seeing, hopefully you can all see now.
But you can send a chat to me. Oh, people are saying it looks. Okay. Good. Carry on. We'll return your money. If you laughs.
Let's see yeah on the right is that Bill hall, as I said, Dr Bill got his bachelor's at MIT and pH. D. at MIT and he worked at the MIT radiation lab for awhile, which I'll talk about.
And when he retired, he actually, I had the fortune of having him assigned to me and he.
He, he was worked on there. He is very nice. Very nice. Very close here and Lexington.
The radar that these two people developed over four thousand were built, and also they some, it was modified for aircraft use for airplane.
It was mainly use on large ships and medium ships. They needed one for small ships like PT boats.
Small boats and Fritz gross came up with a solution for that.
Develop what's called the s. O. radar and here we have a boats.
And on the left is a magnet looks like Kennedy.
President Kennedy who was commander of a boat during World War two, but it turns out I found that that his both didn't have a radar.
Although by the end of the war, every military ship.
And merchant ship had the Raytheon a radar.
No major part of the effort in the US on radar was done at MIT, radiation laboratory. Let me get rid of this.
Which is located in Cambridge, right? At MIT campus. They had some of the brightest people in the country working there on radar.
Nine of them got Nobel prizes.
One of them got his Nobel prize while working at the red lab.
Mit, that was is adore. Rat rabbi, the scent shown in the center. Here. He got a four he did before he came who?
Mit lab on the left is the director of the lab bridge on the right we see vendor ambush whatever work was being carried out at MIT, radiation laboratory.
At one point over four thousand people worked at the laboratory and the laboratory developed over a hundred different radar as many of which went into production.
Is the building where the work was done is called building twenty.
On a street called vast, our street is perpendicular to the main street, Massachusetts Avenue.
Around the corner from the main library of MIT, which is the dome building at MIT.
The building as since been taken down, replaced by a modern structure.
Is the modern structure here?
I'm showing one of the most successful radars that came out of the lab the MIT red lab the five eighty four.
It was a radar for directing artillery guns.
So, they can have high accuracy and high kill rates for the biters and missiles. We're attacking the British minor lead.
The program is in the center here.
I on getting one of the bright, young engineers that MIT, he got his bachelor's at MIT, and the electrical engineering under an Edison scholarship.
You got a pH. D under as a, as our road scholar.
And FTE left MIT,
he worked at Raytheon as the head of engineering who's VP in charge of engineering and from there,
he went to aerospace company to be it's president and there,
he was the man behind and getting the satellite deployed.
It was he's considered the father of the GPS satellite.
Got awards fizz work on that over a thousand. Five hundred of these radars were built.
Is the cartoon showing the radar on the left and the artillery gun on the right which it directed and guided.
For it's pointing increases skill probability and in the center here,
we have a computer that was used for the radar developed by telephone laboratories,
that computer allowed the reader to track the targets and predict where that would be when the,
the artillery arrived,
the increases kill probability.
Is artillery gun.
And here's one of the German missiles called the V one or bus bomb. It's an unmanned the aircraft.
We would call it now, a cruise missile and it re, tabs on London and England.
The radar played a major role and combating those missiles as illustrated here.
On August twenty eight, nineteen, forty four.
The Americans were about to overtake their launch point for these missiles and the Germans launched all the remaining missiles at once.
To London, one, hundred and four on that date.
Of those hundred and four, only four reached London and the five eighty four is credited with knocking down or destroying sixty five percent of those missiles.
And as I said, the radar was also intended for shooting that helping to shoot down aircraft and that's illustrated here and how effective it was.
On January, first, nineteen, forty five Hitler have a last ditch attack. Very launched eight hundred that craft.
And the five eighty four is credited with downing over five hundred of aircraft, or over sixty percent.
Another major strength from the Germans was their U votes.
Which I show here, one Burnett, Britain's an island.
And as a result depended on shipping for food and military equipment.
and hardware. the germans felt they could block. the shipping. and thereby stuff
England into giving up and they were very effective and partly achieving their goal.
One technique that was being considered by the allies.
Or combating the, the Germans and their attacked by the votes.
Was, oh, before I go into that.
Here's some examples of that havoc that the U boats carries out on our merchant ships in March and April of forty three,
you both sync a hundred and twenty allied ships in those two months alone.
There was a, that was attacked by the boats up consisting of a hundred ships, allied ships in the.
Forty one U boats attacked that come in March of forty three.
And in that battle, the allies lost twenty two ships versus the Germans, only losing one.
It was the lowest point in the war for the allies. The British thought at that point, that they were gonna lose two or.
Another approach, they were looking at to combat the bots was to use the beef seventeen.
As bombs by loading one with bombs in particular.
And fly it into a, you both pen where they.
Maintain their you votes they would have a pilot initially take off with the B seventeen and he would then parachute the safety before it got to the
pen after you left the airplane.
The five, eighty four would track it and that data would be used to remotely guide the B, seventeen to the you both ten. Now an individual.
Who was involved in this technique with Joseph can the junior he's the brother of President Kennedy.
He was originally being burned to be the president of the US.
And he was flying one of those be seven teens unfortunately, though the T, when off accidentally before he got to Paris shoot out of the airplane.
What helped them winning the battle of the Atlantic,
which was the end the black the blockade was the deployment of Mega radars on airplanes and
ships on all ships as a result of that the Germans lost many of their
U boats.
They used to attack the calm voice at night when they weren't visible and we're didn't we were not a danger of being an attack because they're hard to see,
but with the radars,
that was not the case anymore and they were very vulnerable to attack.
And may of forty three it was the turning point.
That month at the end of the month in that month, forty one U votes were destroyed versus the hours only losing thirty ships.
That was the turning point of the battle of the Atlantic. And that month was called black may.
And the Germans called at the spots in German no, that was a major accomplishment.
The feeding the German's in the battle of the Atlantic and because of that.
Not a single U. S. soldier was launched and going over the Atlantic for the not for the nominate the advance invasion from the US. Not one U.
S. soldier was lost amazing. The losses for the Germans in World War two.
Were over seven hundred votes and of the forty thousand sailors they had in those submarines.
Thirty thousand or so, three quarters of those sailors side.
A real tragedy and the numbers are.
Very bad for the US as well for the allies, which is a.
The Germans, three thousand, five hundred merchant ships, one hundred and seventy five warships and more than seventy two thousand allied naval men lost.
No real winners here.
Another way the allies we're looking at.
To keep the Germans from block hating.
The supplies, what's to manufacturer merchants ships at a faster rate, then they could destroy them.
These will work called liberty ships and it was the US that use eighteen of a ship yards to manufacture these boats a manufactured three per day,
a hundred per month,
and one thousand,
two hundred per year for a total of two thousand,
seven hundred and ten.
Never electronic device that's helping winning the war.
Was the receivers that detected the communications coming from the German ships and land basis.
These receivers would locate if you use one receiving located an angle, if you used to you located an angle and range.
So you can destroy the submarine or ship that's submitting the signals.
Now, there was another radar that I should mention from the MIT red lab. That's what's called the blind landing radar.
This radar allowed the allies.
To go on bombing missions in bad weather, and come back and land safely even though the pilot couldn't see where the runway was.
The radar would guide them down without a problem in charge of the development of this radar was Louis. Lewis however, is.
He eventually got a Nobel prize for work he did after he left the MIT radiation lab,
he also invented a very clever technique for elect for scanning the beings with this radar.
I'm showing here that required very little mechanical motion to scan the beam a large angles.
I found it very interesting that this radar.
We're still in production while I was at Raytheon Raytheon had a contract twenty five years ago. The manufacturer doesn't these radars.
They did upgraded by removing the tubes and replacing them or transistors, except for the Magnus rung. That was the transmitter.
Find the right I show Charles Fowler, he worked for Lewis out for some, these radars during World War two.
I got to know and when he became a at Raytheon.
You also became after a VP at MITRE and he was eventually head of this fence science board committee reporting to the secretary defense.
I serve them one of his committees and was very impressed.
What's the way you around the committee? If you here are the bad guys?
Muscle leading, and here are the good guys Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin.
Now, we are played a major role and the Pacific Ocean battle with Japan.
And that's illustrated in this view,
we're a single submarine in October forty four spotted a Japanese of twelve ships of the Philippines.
It was a, they have zero visibility.
That one US sub sank five of the ships in the.
And damage two of them very severely.
This would not have been possible without the radar.
Onboard the ships and the sonar on the military a score chip.
And what is Sonar Sonar.
Sonar uses sound like that's due.
It's radar using sound is not new.
Certainly respect to the bats it's used in World War. Two were one were actually World War. One used.
Sonar sonar radar.
Here it is, as to receivers.
And it listens for the engines sound coming from the aircraft so can locate aircraft in this case. And with receivers.
We call this passive sooner since it doesn't have a transmitter.
And Here's another example, gives you this information.
Is a four one one gives you as a? No.
As, as and an array of haunts gives you as though.
Sonar was also used into appeals, launched by allied aircraft.
Sona was in the nose of the Peto when it landed and would listen to the noise coming from the ships, their engines and home Oman on them.
And destroy them, it was a big break through in the war. If it.
It was a game changer new subject.
Proximity fuse a top secret program or or to.
What does enough to do about radar? What is the proximity views?
It's a radar it's put in the artillery shells.
And here, it shows some of those shelves and one of my early lecture series, I had invited speakers.
And he brought in a hand grenade, which had I proximity fuse in it obviously using transistors then.
These shows are shut off by candidates, such as this one.
And those radars in those artillery shells to which Stan.
The shock of the explosion here, it represents the twenty thousand g.
The proximity fuses had tubes, glass tubes, which had to withstand twenty thousand. G. a hundred pounds becomes two million pounds. It's amazing.
I would've never thought this thing would be practical. I would never.
I think it would work, but I have to add it to the people who guided this effort believe it will work and make it work. Let me explain why the fuse is very effective.
Here's a ally that craft launching a missile with the views on it and here's the target.
The missile doesn't have to hit the target to destroy it without the user would have to hit the target with the fuse.
The radar can detect when the targets close enough. So if it exploded, it would destroy the target. And that's a much bigger radius. Then the radio, the killer radius we'd have without the few where you have to have a hit, the kill.
So also useful in infantry battles. Here I show is a show going into the ground without a fuse on it. It takes into the ground and the trap. No.
From the cone going up, and the man on their trench here is not affected.
What you'd like to do is block the shell above ground. So can go. Why did I and area.
Destroy the infantry tanks and jeeps and men and heroes attack the men in the church as well.
That was the advantage of the proximity views.
General patent, he stated that the proximity use won the battle of the boats for the allies. That's quite a complement with a few.
That was a very important battle. The fuse is also very effective against the kamikaze pilots. The only one fifty to one, four off as many.
Shows to knock down the kamikaze pilots before you got to this ship.
It is a kamikaze pilot being coming down.
Is a block diagram of a radar fuse.
Before last two, some of them had five.
Here I showed the Minis that wish stand twenty thousand g.
On the right is norm crems from Raytheon, who is in charge of the manufacturer of these miniature tubes for the proximity fews.
He's in MIT graduate, working at Raytheon.
Now, how did gracio and get involved in making these tubes? Well, there was that fella close.
Percy Spencer, who came up with the technique for manufacturing the magnet much faster and lower cost and that's the microwave oven.
He had a son which was flying a Tory airplane in a sun,
wanted to radio control the aircraft,
the toy airplane and he asked is father could he help him to build a a radio receiver on the airplane for him to use to control the airplane so,
he built the miniature tubes.
And as a result,
Raytheon went into ministry to business the people in charge of the development of the proximity fuse,
where I applied the physics lab,
they were under the auspices of John Hopkins University,
just like link and lab is under the auspices of MIT.
Other people who deserve credit is the British committee, they had the drawings they brought over with the magnitude of proximity fuses.
They hadn't built one yet and it was work being done by neural tube at Carnegie Institute of technology.
And that war was over soar, seen by Bush when he was president of Carnegie tech.
Then the manufacturer of these Sydney fuses involved, the miniaturization of electronics never before accomplished.
And now, as I said, before, I had a twenty thousand g.
This is before a solid state electronics. It's truly amazing.
In nineteen forty, there are no proximity fuses.
But at the end of the war, nineteen forty five, twenty two million had been produced.
And that involved the manufacturer of a hundred and forty million.
To class to.
And one billion components, the cost of the proximity fuse was initially seven hundred and eighty two dollars. And by the end of the war, it was eighteen dollars per view.
Over a million employees worked at one hundred and ten plants in secrecy on the fuse and there was not a single breach of security.
Very nice little break here.
When I was at Raytheon an employee, the Einstein.
And when you be nice dying, you have to brag about it. Here's the cover of the Michael Journal.
That's some general, we engineers yet.
Worldwide distribution had about forty five thousand circulation.
On this particular issue,
they had it pitches of over a hundred famous sciences president pass,
including such people like Marconi Hertz.
Ninety DaVinci Newton even had a Bergen Bill Gates on the cover. Of course, I Stein, he's up here right here above the J.
are here.
Now, if you look in the lower left hand corner down here.
Who's that? That's me I'm on the cover of all these famous people.
Not only that if you look under the C here.
The picture of me again, so I'm on the cover twice.
And I signed on the cover only once, so I beat Einstein and all those other famous sciences. I also appeared on the cover of the I triple E.
magazine dancing. I, I never appeared on the covered dancing. And here I am dancing with Sarah Palin on dancing.
With the stars, and this picture was on the back cover of another issue of that magazine.
Join me dancing at a radar conference in Bangalore, India with Dr Anna from Poland.
And here she is, I also appeared on the television local television program. chronical, dancing, three times ice I never bad ones.
What about ever uses of radar used to locate enemy troops and infantry and hardware use for police to prevent collision avoidance between aircraft and
ships to provide navigation and bombing rates.
To locate launch points of artillery, so you can knock it out.
And to do target identification, so you wouldn't do fracture side.
Not in my reading up on this talk, I found that many people wanted to take credit for winning the war and the applied physics lab was no exception.
They made the claim that proximity fuse with second only to the atomic bomb. They never mentioned the other work on radar.
As about the people doing the other work on radar, MIT, red lab.
Their statement was the atomic bomb and the door.
But radar one or both on our radar, so, from five point of view radar wins.
And you also have to give creditor Sonar.
But what soner's what's Sona so knows radar.
So, radar wins in three places.
As about the atomic bomb, it turns out the atomic bomb, use the radar fews.
Two set it off at the proper altitude. So, radars used everywhere we're to.
A major contributor I saw, it might have had a hand in the capture of the decoder from the Germans.
But I was told that was not the case when I finished college.
And was going to work on radar.
I thought there really was not much more to learn about radar.
There was these twenty eight volume set of books put out by the red lab, all those, it and then working at the radiation lab, MIT, radiation lab.
So, I thought there was nothing new boy. Was I wrong?
There are four generations of radar, which measure advances the first generation.
Then electronic scanning of the being no mechanical at all using tubes the next generation replace the tubes swift transistors.
The third generation used integrated circuits.
Everywhere including the transmitter. The fourth, the surgeon is third generation so.
The third generation used the integrated circuits integrated circuits. Michael, we've integrated circuits. The fourth generation.
Use digital, being forming, instead of using hardware the form extra beans, it would be done digitally.
So it's a big cost savings and prove your capability via radars immensely.
And there's examples of such radars a man at Raytheon who is a visionary for phase. Three work is Dennis card.
When I find amazing about him, is he, when he was hired.
Is that education? Only consisted of an RC RCA training. This is a technician.
He didn't have an engineering degree, and he worked his way up to be the CEO of the company.
Truly amazing and in the process is credited with saving the Patriot program. It's the US is most important missile radar.
The fence program in competition with Russian one of the three hundred and this four hundred Russian one.
You did eventually get a bachelor's degree at nice school at Northeastern.
Like, to point out, some of my, the sources of some of my material for the talk is this book titled the invention that change the world.
And what is the invention that change the world the all the claims it's radar.
When I find very nice is that's not a radar, man who's making the statement and writing this book.
I invited him to give a talk at Raytheon and he gave me an order or a copy of his book is never excellent book. The creative deal.
The third one is a coffee cup, a coffee table.
Book and the second offer works, worked at Raytheon.
He retired, he was a saler or two for two, the last two years at or when he, when he left the Navy, he.
Head of the site, where to go work. He says I'm gonna go work for that company that made those radars on our ships because they never failed all the other equipment failed but the Raytheon radars always kept working.
So, he came to Raytheon is another book I used.
Is it a talk that I found very useful by Max? Small Holland he's a retired Navy, man.
Gave a talk on black me for the historical society of Lexington.
If you want to learn more about radar, I have these four books.
I like Rick covers is the list of four books.
Also, I have a paper that was the cover story for the scientific American.
On how phase the re guys work that that that they have a.
In seven languages that magazine and a circulation to six hundred thousand. Very nice.
I also contribute to a chapter on on control. It was a conference held at MIT the.
Became a book and Jerry wiesner.
I wrote to preface that book. He was the president of MIT and.
President Kennedy science advisor.
Is a never control conference that I became a book that I contributed to.
Is the articles that I recommend.
More people who contributed who the preparing to talk and here's me fixing regards I go around fixing radars is a sick radar. You can see that.
Tell to take two transistors and call me in the morning.
And hopefully, this is you on the right now that with knowledge and a little humor I ready for questions Thank you.
Thank you, Eli. You can amplify that, plus by three hundred and fifty still on but that was top.
I appreciate that there there has been a lot of chat on the sidelines. Oh, good good. And and a number of questions have been asked and answered. So I'll try to.
There were a lot of there was a lot of discussion on Rad lab and building twenty from the comment that the replacement building looks like a lot of good corner reflectors.
But there was also the, the model for that building was partly donated by a graduate from MIT.
Who farmed analog devices that copy? I think I have twenty two thousand people around the world now. Yeah, very nice to see a graduate student. The contributing. Is it university?
Indeed and for the development of radar, there was a question of how did MIT use Rad lab?
Get a get a product to go into production and that was, I think it's the the production was given over to industry, right right.
And they did the design and development,
but the production was done by industry and in particular,
some of the folks on chat said,
well,
Van abar Bush was instrumental in doing that initial technology transfer from academia,
to in this case Raytheon.
And that, that was the manufacturing. And, and sort of a, a case study and and how you should do tech transfer so that's very cool. Right right, right, right.
I guess there was a question of you talked about as helping win the war,
do you have any thoughts on the relative contribution,
or the relative importance of decoding versus radars contribution?
You know, they both contribute.
Radar is no question we,
when they have the radar on the shifts,
and on the airplane,
the the U boats who are really mercy of the,
it became suicidal for them to be out there.
They do their attacks at night and they can see them, but we're free or they could see them.
So, that made a big difference in in that battle.
Another interesting thing is the Nick.
When you read about the nightmare, they're able to decode their messages, but they didn't make use of it. They were afraid to let the Germans know that they had broken the code. Right?
The US has the same situation.
We had developed the magnet and the Germans had not they didn't believe it was possible so they didn't develop a magnet and radar and.
As a result, it was concerned that if we had a regard aircraft, and it landed in Europe where the germ is occupied.
They would be able to see the radar and figure it out.
So, for quite a long time, they didn't allow the radar the regards to be used in the aircraft for bombing missions. Initially we're used on the ships who are more than the problem.
So, I'm both, you know, it was interesting to see that it kept. They, they really held back for a long time and finally, when they did put it in the aircraft.
It landed where the Germans found the aircraft, and so the hardware, they thought it was really a mapping device and I didn't think it was a radar.
Initially, I think eventually I figured it out.
Okay, so let's see if we have any other unique related there.
I might mention that I also serve on a committee for I've been getting.
A government committee, and he truly is an impressive person and I was very impressed. The way you ran that committee.
Very nice to see a very capable person. Okay. I'm sorry. Nope. Interesting. There. What? There are a couple of questions about while.
This is an meeting. What do you think of there? There was a lot of physicists who contributed to radar and there was also a lot of engineering work.
Do you have any thoughts about how much was science and how much was engineering, or, you know, kind of what is the trade off here on the development of radar? Well, those physicists became engineers.
I always claim that a physicist can do anything, you know, the very basic training, and they're very smart. They wanted to go into physics. You have to be very smart and they, they became engineers, Robbie, you know.
He was a physicist, won the Nobel prize. The same is true of avarice and many others.
I'm sure all of those nine Nobel prizes winners were where physicists.
Okay, so so a lot of cross training, and you don't have to start one place. Where do you get? The thing is that the physicists have very good, basic training and they're very smart so they can do anything.
Oh, wow. We're we're getting lots more questions. So I'll keep keep plugging through them for the who developed the pulse circuits for firing the magnet Tron and do you know, when that happens.
I guess the inventors actually initially did it. The basic thing was to figure out how to come up with the, the basic tube.
And the circuits developed by the original inventors and other people, then after which it had no trouble finding surface for operating it.
That's considered one of the biggest inventions of radar, the Magnus drone.
And,
to me,
the either that Percy Spencer came up for manufacturing,
and that a factor of a thousand increase in speed,
it's another major contract,
a contribution to the radar field,
a major one,
a truly major contribution.
Okay, and one of the chat folks is saying that there's a book called tuxedo park, which is talks a lot about.
Oh,
yeah,
a tuxedo park,
a Burke seller who I pointed out,
worked on the progress for Alber is a blind radar work and the ground controller approach radars.
He educated me on the fella who tuxedo park. Let's see, I have a.
Oh, here we go. That's Alfred Loomis here.
The third on the right the third one here a picture on the top he was in,
and he became wealthy by selling all his stocks before the crash in nineteen twenty nine.
Is it the,
and he was interested in advancing science,
and he has his own research lab at that place Tito park,
and he had sciences come and work for him there.
And he actually try to invent a tube like the Magnus run.
But by methods, like Edison, the trial and error.
Wasn't successful, but they had his heart in the right place.
And he, he wasn't, he was involved in the formation of the radiation laboratory, and it was a big contributor financially in science.
I should say the Bush himself, we have to give credit to because he realize the importance of science.
And advancing us economically,
in the long run so it's because of him,
we had the National Science Foundation establish,
he really was a contributor to our features success in the area of science and economics.
And now we have a couple of seconds remaining.
So, I'd like to move onto questions on the future the two related questions are, could you speak about the future of radar and any new applications and the oh, absolutely absolutely.
Well, and the related question is, what could you offer about the rate of technology adoption today versus the early days and, and any advice to us still in the industry.
So the future for the car and advice us.
Right now radar has a big future though.
Matter of fact, we'll probably all be owning radars in the future. At least I have a car.
In the US and nine and twenty, twenty two, the US is dictated that all cars will have automatic breaking and automatic breaking works using a radar.
It would stop the car if isn't pending accident where you're about to hit something.
So every card that sold in twenty two, twenty, twenty two on, we'll have a radar. I myself.
The first car I went to was in that had radar was in China that five read or is it in the car?
So, rigors will be everywhere the being in cars they'll be used the.
Widely widely.
The, the that'd be low cost. Very low cost. Raytheon used to make great radars for cars.
We had a phase three for cars, seven beam radar, which you could buy it a Cadillac dealer or so.
Radar it seems the technology for radar we talk about radar in the future.
The technology will be used.
Communications right. In five g. they're gonna be using a possibly a phase raise.
So, they're talking about a phase three on our chip, all the electronics for phase or chip. So we might even have the phaser and cellphones.
Some people are talking about.
Going from the South Tower to the cellphone for five g.
also for let's see.
For anybody thinking of a a possible career.
I would think that reader would be a a fruitful career for any student. At the present time.
This radar has many fields that encompasses, you know, mechanical issues, thermal issues semi conductors, digital.
If you get bored with air, you can always move over to another or never projects. So so radar Riga has a big future. I believe.
No, the other part of your question was the rate of technology adoption in the early days versus today. And what advice could you still give those of us who are in the industry?
I don't understand the question because.
Applying the technology for practical use.
Often is the money to be made when you do that so still go into and still lots of development going on in radar. I think we've run out of time, but thanks a lot.
I think we I think we do yes. For our wonderful talk. Thanks to all of you for coming. Thank you for. Making this experiment and many attendee is successful.
I hope we've answered most of the questions. There was a question on on. Oh, well there are other questions coming in but in the chat I did put contact info.
If you still need to contact it, I think it's Eli broker at Gmail dot com with a period in between the broker you liked up broker.
If you look under life members, you can probably find me and I can always relay stuff to him. But thank you all for coming. I don't want to keep you any longer. Thank you. Thank you. Eli.
when i admitted a minute ago you can hear the chatter of the other people. here. here. oh i'm going to end the meeting it's finally getting. that to me