Phased-Array and Adaptive Array Fundamentals and Their Amazing Recent Advances – Spring 2015

When:
April 6, 2015 @ 6:00 pm – 9:00 pm America/New York Timezone
2015-04-06T18:00:00-04:00
2015-04-06T21:00:00-04:00
Where:
MITRE
202 Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
USA
Cost:
see below
Phased-Array and Adaptive Array Fundamentals and Their Amazing Recent Advances - Spring 2015 @ MITRE | Bedford | Massachusetts | United States

Register Now

 

 

 

 

Speaker: Dr. Eli Brookner, Raytheon Company (retired)

Date & Time: Mondays, March 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, April 6, 13, 27, May 4, May 18, 2015, 6 – 9PM
(Make-up dates are June 1, 8, 22, if needed)

Location: MITRE, 202 Burlington Road, Bedford, MA (tentative)

Your Registration Includes:
1 textbook:
15 Reprints:
over 800 Vugraphs:

Decision (Run/Cancel) Date for this Courses is Friday, February 20, 2015

Payment received by Feb 23

IEEE Members $300
Non-members $340

Payment received after Feb 23

IEEE Members $340
Non-members $370

Phone 781-245-5405
email sec.boston@ieee.org
Fax 781-245-5406

Make Checks payable to:
IEEE Boston Section
One Centre Street, Suite 203
Wakefield, MA 01880

Required Text: “Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems” (included with registration)

“Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems”, Dr. Eli Brookner, Editor, Artech House, 1991, Hardcover, 258 pages, List Price $149.45, Hardcover, 258 pages. Covers array fundamentals: phase and time-delay steering; grating lobes for 1- and 2-dimensional arrays; effects of errors and failures on gain, sidelobes and angle accuracy; array weighting, thinning, blindness, mutual coupling, elements, phase-shifters and feeds; limited field of view (LFOV) arrays; SPY-1; example design.

This course is based on the book entitled Practical Phased Array Antenna Systems by Dr. Eli Brookner. The book covers array basics and fundamentles which do not change with time. The course, the book and the notes will provide an ideal introduction to the principles of phased array antenna design and adaptive arrays. The course material and notes cover in addition recent developments in phased arrays updated to 2015.
With the explicitly tutorial approach Practical Phased-Array Antenna Systems offers a concise, introductory-level survey of the fundamentals without dwelling on extensive mathematical derivations or abstruse theory. Its presentation focuses on step-by-step design procedures and provides practical results using extensive curves, tables and illustrative examples.

Covered in easy terms will be sidelobe cancellation, full adaptive array processing without suffering its computation complexity (through the use of adaptive-adaptive array processing (also called beam-space processing and eigenbeam processing). Finally, Space-Time Adaptive Array (STAP) for airborne platforms will be explained and related to the displaced phase center antenna (DPCA).

This course is intended for the engineer or scientist not familiar with phased-array antennas as well as the antenna specialist who wants to learn about other aspects of phased-array antenna systems. The major emphasis will be on the system aspects of phased-array systems.

Lecture #1: Monday March 2
Phased Array Fundamentals:
Fundamental Principles of Electronically Scanned Array (ESA) explained with 1st generation tube COBRA DANE used as example. Covered will be: Near and Far Field Definitions, Phased Steering, Switched-Line Phase Steering; Time Delay Steering, Subarraying, Array Weighting, Monopulse, Duplexing, Array Thinning, embedded element, Dual Polarized Circular Waveguide Element, Advantage of Triangular Lattice Over Square Lattice, Tour of COBRA DANE (6 stories) via color slides.

Lecture #2: Monday March 9
Linear Array Fundamentals
Conditions for no grating lobes; beamwidth vs scan angle; sine space; Array Factor; sidelobe level vs antenna beamwidth; directivity; antenna efficiency factors; array weightings; element gain paradox; array frequency scanning; array bandwith; monopulse difference patterns.

Lecture #3: Monday March 16
Planar Arrays:
Array Factor; array separability; sine-space (sinα-sinß space, T- space); grating lobes location; triangular vs rectangular lattice; directivity; Very useful bell curve approximation; array thinning system issues.

Lecture #4 Monday March 23
Array Errors:
Effects of element phase and amplitude element errors and failures; simple physical derivation of error effects; paired echo theory; subarray errors; quantization errors; examples.

Lecture #5 Monday March 30
Radiating Elements:
Waveguide; dipole; slotted waveguide; microstrip patch; stacked patch; notch (wideband); spiral; matching (wide-angle); waveguide simulator; practical limitations, mutual coupling and array blindness; scattering impedance matrices; design procedure.

Lecture #6 Monday April 6
Active Phased Arrays:
2nd generation solid state hybrid active electronically scanned array (AESAs) covered using PAVE PAWS as example, T/R Module Introduced, Cross Bent Dipole Element, Mutual Coupling, Array Blindness, Tour of PAVE PAWS (6 stories) via color slides. 3rd Generation AESAs: THAAD SPY-3, IRIDIUM, F-15 APQ-63(V)2, APG-79, XBR array, GaAs integrated circuit (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit, MMIC) arrays.

Lecture #7 Monday April 13
Array Feeds
Corporate and space fed; Reactive (lossless) and matched (Wilkinson); even/odd node analysis. Serial; Ladder; Lopez; Blass; Radial, Butler matrix; microstrip/stripline; Rotman Lens; SLQ-32; PATRIOT; reflectarray.
System Considerations
Detection Issues: sequential , beam shape loss; receiver and A/D dynamic range; polarization; array noise figure and system temperature taking into account array mismatch.

Phase Shifters:
Diode switched-line, hybrid-coupled, loaded-line; ferrite phase-shifters: non-reciprocal latching; diode vs ferrite; MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) and its potential for a low cost ESA.

Lecture #8 Monday April 27
Limited Scan (Limited Field of View [LFOV]) Arrays:
Explained using simple high school optics for TPS-25, 1st ESA put in production. Fundamental Theorem specifying minimum number of phase shifters needed for a specified scan angle. Method for realizing this minimum using overlapped array antenna elements as with HIPSAF lens array system and Microwave Landing System (MLS) array system; reflector; randomized oversized elements; sum and difference patterns; Use of spatial filters to reduce grating lobes.
Hemispherical Coverage Dome Antenna

Lecture #9 Monday May 4
Phased Array Amazing Advances and Future Trends — Part 1
Subarray Digital Beam Forming (DBF) AESAs: SMART-L, AMSA, MESA, SAMPSON; Element DBF: three S-band radar AESAs doing DBF at the element level, a major accomplishment: i) Elta EL/M-2488 has 4-faces, 2500 elements/face, ii) Australia CEAFAR, iii) Thales; Raytheon developing mixer-less direct RF A/D having >400 MHz instantaneous bandwidth, reconfigurable between S and X-band; Extreme MMIC: 1) 4 X-band T/Rs on 1 SiGe chip for DARPA ISIS aeroship program, goal <$10/T/R [slightly above $10/T/R achieved for demo system], 350,000 T/Rs for demo and 20 million for operational system, – amazing, 2) multibeam, multielement (8 or more) receive or transmitter array circuitry (phase shifters, gain control, combiner) on a single SiGe/BICMOS chip, 3) on-chip built-in-self-test (BIST) at W-Band, 4) wafer scale integration at 110 GHz, all disruptive technology; Low Cost Packaging: Raytheon and Lincoln Laboratory independently developing respectively X-band and S-band low cost flat panel arrays using COTS type PCBs; Very Low Cost Systems: Valeo-Raytheon low cost, $100s only, blind spot car 25 GHz phased array radar, ~2 million built – a phased array may be in everyone’s future; DARPA goal, $1/element for 94 GHz array; ultra low cost 77 GHz commercial Roach radar on 72mm2 chip with >8 bits 1 GS/s A/D and 16 element array; Un. Michigan low cost 240GHz, 4.2×3.2×0.15 cm3, 5 gm radar, frequency scans 2ox8o beam ±25o; Metamaterials: Material custom made (not found in nature): electronically steered antenna not using phase shifters at 20 and 30 GHz demonstrated (still remains to prove low cost and reliability); 2-20GHz stealthing by absorption simulated using <1 mm coating; target made invisible over 50% bandwidth at L-band; Focus 6X diffraction limit at 0.38 μm, 40X at 375 MHz; Used in cell phones providing antennas 5X smaller which simultaneously serve GPS, Blue Tooth, Wi Max and WiFi.
Sidelobe Cancellers (SLC)

The simple single-loop, feed-forward canceller is first introduced in easy terms. This is followed by a discussion of the simple single-loop feedback canceller with and without hard limiting. The normalized feedback SLC will also be covered. Presented will be their performance; transient response and cancellation ratio. Next the multiple-loop SLC (MSLC) will be covered. Applied to the MSLC will be the Gram-Schmidt, Givens and Householder orthonormal transformation methods for LSE developed for the Tracking and Prediction Made Easy lecture. Systolic array implementations will be given.

Lecture #10 Monday May 18
Fully Adaptive Arrays
The optimum weight for a fully adaptive array is developed using a very simple derivation. Methods for calculating this optimum weight are given using the Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI) algorithm, the Applebaum-Howells adaptive feedback loop method, a recursive method, and Gram-Schmidt, Givens and Householder orthonormal transformations developed for the tracking problem and for the MSLC. The use of eigenvector beams and a whitening filter will also be developed. It will be shown how the latter reduces the transient response. Methods for obtaining the benefits of a fully adaptive array without its high computation and large transient time disadvantages are given. These are the adaptive-adaptive array processing procedures, the use of eigenbeam space, and the method of finding the largest eigenvalues and in turn their eigenbeams. The STAP algorithm will be introduced. Finally the use of the Gram-Schmidt orthonormal transformation followed by a whitening filter will be applied to the reduction of SAR map speckle – the Polarization Whitening Filter

Phased Array Amazing Advances and Future Trends — Part 2

Additional Advances: GaN: can now put 5X the power of GaAs in same footprint with higher efficiency; 900 W peak with single transistor package; GaN switch to replace ferrite circulator in T/R module; Advantages of DBF: almost 3 dB lower search power and occupancy and allows economical implementation of adaptive-adaptive array processing which is equivalent to principal component or beam space processing); MEMS (Micro-Elctromechanical Systems): reliability reaches 300 billion cycles without failure, can reduce T/R module count by factor of 2 to 4; MEMS Piezoelectric Material = piezoMEMS: for flying insect robots; MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output): contrary to what is claimed MIMO array radars do not provide 1, 2 or 3 orders of magnitude better resolution and accuracy than conventional array radars; can get same 1 to 3 orders of magnitude better resolution and accuracy with conventional array consisting of full receive array having גּ/2 spacing and collocated transmit thin linear array of N elements with Nגּ/2 spacing, this conventional array has no grating lobes, same search efficiency and does not need noiselike orthogonal waveforms, also MIMO does not provide better barrage-noise-jammer, repeater-jammer or hot-clutter rejection than conventional array radars; Graphene and Carbon Nanotube (CNT): Potential for Terahertz transistor clock speeds, manufacture on CMOS demonstrated, could allow Moore’s law to march forward using present day manufacturing techniques; Synaptic Transistors: Learns like human brain synapse, analog computing could be in our future; Printed Electronics: Potential for low cost printing of RF and digital circuits using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes and 2D MoS2 ink; Electrical and Optical Signals on Same Chip: Has been shown that both electricity and light can be simultaneously transmitted over a silver nanowire combined with single layer 2D MoS2, could be a step towards transporting on computer chips digital information at the speed of light. COSMOS DARPA program: Allows integration of III-IV, CMOS and optics on one chip without bonded wires; Spurious Free Dynamic Range of Receiver Plus A/D: Lincoln Lab increases by 40 dB; ISAR: Upgrade of Haystack radar to 95 GHz to provide 1 cm ISAR imaging of satellites at 20,000 nmi range; Knowledge aided STAP: 10-15 dB improvement in SIR when use made of maps to put nulls in antenna pattern where clutter is and to edit out road echoes; New Polarization: OAMs, unlimited data rate over finite band using new polarizations; Bio: Biodegradable array of transistors or LEDs for detecting cancer or low glucose, can then dispense chemotherapy or insulin; Can now grow functioning non-rejecting kidney and heart for rats.